High Fever, Wide Distribution of Viral Pneumonia, and Pleural Effusion are More Critical Findings at the First Visit in Predicting the Prognosis of COVID-19: A Single Center, retrospective, Propensity Score-Matched Case-Control Study.

Introduction: Currently, infection control measures for SARS-COV2 are being relaxed, and it is important in daily clinical practice to decide which findings to focus on when managing patients with similar background factors. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 66 patients who underwent blood tests (complete blood count, blood chemistry tests, and coagulation tests) and thin slice CT between January 1 and May 31, 2020, and performed a propensity score-matched case-control study. Cases and controls were a severe respiratory failure group (non-rebreather mask, nasal high-flow, and positive-pressure ventilation) and a non-severe respiratory failure group, matched at a ratio of 1:3 by propensity scores constructed by age, sex, and medical history. We compared groups for maximum body temperature up to diagnosis, blood test findings, and CT findings in the matched cohort. Two-tailed P-values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Nine cases and 27 controls were included in the matched cohort. Significant differences were seen in maximum body temperature up to diagnosis (p=0.0043), the number of shaded lobes (p=0.0434), amount of ground-glass opacity (GGO) in the total lung field (p=0.0071), amounts of GGO (p=0.0001), and consolidation (p=0.0036) in the upper lung field, and pleural effusion (p=0.0117). Conclusion: High fever, the wide distribution of viral pneumonia, and pleural effusion may be prognostic indicators that can be easily measured at diagnosis in COVID-19 patients with similar backgrounds.

A case of reinfection with a different variant of SARS-CoV-2: case report

Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was previously thought to have a low reinfection rate, but there are concerns that the reinfection rate will increase with the emergence and spread of mutant variants. This report describes the case of a 36-year-old, non-immunosuppressed man who was infected twice by two different variants of COVID-19 within a relatively short period. Case presentation A 36-year-old Japanese man with no comorbidities was infected with the E484K variant (R.1 lineage) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Symptoms were mild and improved with symptomatic treatment alone. About four months later he presented to another outpatient department with high fever and headache. We diagnosed him as infected with the Alpha variant (B.1.1.7) of SARS-CoV-2 based on SARS-CoV-2 real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction testing (RT-PCR). The patient was hospitalized with high fever. The patient received treatment in the form of anti-inflammatory therapy with corticosteroid and antibacterial chemotherapy. The patient improved without developing severe disease. Conclusion Concerns have been raised that the reinfection rate of COVID-19 will increase with the emergence of mutant variants. Particularly in mild cases, adequate amounts of neutralizing antibodies may not be produced, and reinfection may thus occur. Continued attention to sufficient infection control is thus essential.

A case of reinfection with a different variant of SARS-CoV-2: case report.

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was previously thought to have a low reinfection rate, but there are concerns that the reinfection rate will increase with the emergence and spread of mutant variants. This report describes the case of a 36-year-old, non-immunosuppressed man who was infected twice by two different variants of COVID-19 within a relatively short period. Case presentation: A 36-year-old Japanese man with no comorbidities was infected with the E484K variant (R.1 lineage) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Symptoms were mild and improved with symptomatic treatment alone. About four months later he presented to another outpatient department with high fever and headache. We diagnosed him as infected with the Alpha variant (B.1.1.7) of SARS-CoV-2 based on SARS-CoV-2 real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction testing (RT-PCR). The patient was hospitalized with high fever. The patient received treatment in the form of anti-inflammatory therapy with corticosteroid and antibacterial chemotherapy. The patient improved without developing severe disease. Conclusion: Concerns have been raised that the reinfection rate of COVID-19 will increase with the emergence of mutant variants. Particularly in mild cases, adequate amounts of neutralizing antibodies may not be produced, and reinfection may thus occur. Continued attention to sufficient infection control is thus essential.

Two Cases of Severe COVID-19 Pneumonia Effectively Treated with Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Addition to Favipiravir and Corticosteroid.

Case 1: A 65-year-old man with novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) complicated with acute respiratory failure. On admission, the patient was started on favipiravir and corticosteroid. However, due to a lack of significant improvement, he was introduced to mechanical ventilation and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Although iliopsoas hematoma occurred as a complication, the patient recovered. Case 2: A 49-year-old man with COVID-19 had been started on favipiravir and corticosteroid. Due to progressive respiratory failure, the patient underwent mechanical ventilation and ECMO. The patient recovered without complications. We successfully treated these severe cases with a multimodal combination of pharmacological and non-pharmacological supportive therapy.

Clinical Features of 154 COVID-19 Patients and the Parameters for the Effective Detection of Pneumonia at the Time of the Initial Diagnosis in Japan.

Objective We aimed to clarify clinical and laboratory characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients, and further explore the features to detect COVID-19 pneumonia at the first visit to community-based hospitals. Methods Diagnoses of COVID-19 were based on positive results from real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction testing of nasopharyngeal-swab specimens. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients showing positive results. The clinical characteristics and results of blood tests were compared between the patients with and without pneumonia. The risk factors associated with pneumonia were then evaluated by a multivariable analysis. Results The study cohort comprised 154 patients, including 117 patients (76.0%) with pneumonia at first visit. Significant differences were seen in age, the frequency of fever, tachycardia, desaturation (peripheral oxygen saturation ≤95%), any comorbidity, neutrocyte count and fraction, lymphocyte count and fraction, platelet count, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), C-reactive protein (CRP), and fibrinogen between the patients with and without pneumonia. Using a multivariable analysis, CRP ≥0.3 mg/dL and fibrinogen >400 mg/dL were found to be associated with the presence of pneumonia. Conclusion Community-based settings for screening COVID-19 patients should perform chest X-ray and blood tests for white blood cell fractions, fibrinogen, LDH, and CRP. Of these, elevations in the CRP and fibrinogen levels could be critically associated with the presence of COVID-19 pneumonia.

A case of COVID-19 pneumonia successfully treated with favipiravir (Avigan) in which serum SARS-CoV-2 RNA detected by LAMP method was clinically useful.

A 49-year-old Japanese male was managed by mechanical ventilation due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. Favipiravir as an antiviral therapy, and anti-inflammatory treatment were administered. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in serum by the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method on Day 9; favipiravir treatment was continued. On Day 13, negative serum RNA was confirmed, followed by mechanical ventilation was removed. On Day 23, LAMP negative was confirmed in nasopharynx, after that the patient discharged on Day 27. We could treat successfully for severe COVID-19 pneumonia based on the LAMP method. We consider this method will be useful in COVID-19 treatment.